Likewise, the sequences of DNA in you and a sibling differ (unless your sibling is an identical twin), as do those between you and an unrelated individual. But it is also true that the sequences of the DNA in the cells of two individual pugs differ. It probably makes sense that the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of a cat differs from those of a dog. R-C (O)OH is the class’s general formula. Just to remember, A carbonyl group is a carbon double-bonded to oxygen, and an OH group is an OH group. A carboxylic acid, on the other hand, is an organic substance having a carboxyl group. The shape of the two strands wound around each other is called a double helix (see Figure 3). A carboxyl group is a functional group with a carbonyl and hydroxyl group linked to a carbon atom by a single bond. Thus, the two backbones are on the outside of the coiled pair of strands, and the bases are on the inside. DNA is actually formed from two such polymers coiled around each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. The nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide stick out from this sugar-phosphate backbone. \text) When new DNA is made, a polymerization reaction occurs that binds the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar group of a second nucleotide. Octane, C 8H 18, is a component of gasoline.Īlkanes are relatively stable molecules, but heat or light will activate reactions that involve the breaking of C–H or C–C single bonds. Methane, CH 4, is the natural gas you may burn in your furnace. The ‘default’ in organic chemistry, essentially, the lack of any functional groups, is given the term alkane, characterized by single bonds between carbon and carbon, or between carbon and hydrogen. Much of the remainder of your study of organic chemistry will be taken up with learning about how the different functional groups behave in organic reactions. Functional groups in capsaicin.Īs one progresses their study of organic chemistry, it becomes extremely important to be able to quickly recognize the most common functional groups, because they are the key structural elements that define how organic molecules react. For now, we will only worry about drawing and recognizing each functional group, as depicted by Lewis and line structures, and the nomenclature of simple organic compounds. The structure of capsaicin, the compound which is the source of the heat in hot chili peppers, incorporates several functional groups, labeled in the figure below and explained throughout this section. Know the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.įunctional groups are structural units within organic compounds that are defined by specific bonding arrangements between specific atoms.Draw the functional groups mentioned here. If you notice the structure of an amino acid(shown above), the carboxyl functional group -COOH has two oxygen atoms in them.Identify and name the functional groups mentioned here.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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